In preparation for the upcoming summer examinations, Josephine has been attempting to conscientiously revise the law regarding leases and covenants in leases. Since opening Land Law Cases and Materials she has experienced periods of unconsciousness, giddiness and blurred vision which have been exacerbated by the persistent cacophony of angle-grinding and sandblasting from Grand Designs across the road.

In a fit of temporary impatience, Josephine hurls her casebook from the window of her fourth floor flat into the street below, felling an unfortunate old lady heading a queue at the bus-stop, whose collapse results (by virtue of the 'Domino Effect') in that of the other fifteen commuters waiting in the queue all of whom tumble into the paths of three successive oncoming (delayed) 141 buses.

Advise Maudsley and Burn as to their liability.